![]() The types of habitats present in the landscape and how they are managed, along with the structure of the landscape, determine species diversity of birds and butterflies in lowland Irish landscapes. Males and females are at a selective disadvantage relative to hermaphrodites (cosexuals) in species with a colonizing habit, as only cosexuals are able to establish new colonies on their own. The implications of this disadvantage are assessed by means of a computer model of metapopulation dynamics, in which individual colonies are established through different rates of immigration and suffer different rates of local extinction. Results are given for simulations of an island model, a stepping-stone model, and for a partial analysis of the island model with simplifying assumptions.
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